“Eyes in the Sky: Drones at Standing Rock and the Next Frontier of Human Rights Video,” a new report published today by the WITNESS Media Lab, examines how activists and journalists used drones to document the protests by Native American tribes and other advocates against the construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline in North Dakota. Based on extensive research and interviews with drone pilots who operated at Standing Rock and drone experts, the report surveys the benefits, challenges and legal concerns associated with unmanned aerial vehicles, as well as providing tips and further resources.  

Until relatively recently, drones were most commonly associated with targeted killings or surveillance. As technology and regulatory policies have evolved to make them more accessible, drones and their recording capabilities have been broadly adopted across a number of industries. But Standing Rock may be the most wide-ranging example yet of activists and journalists using drones for documentation, storytelling and advocacy purposes. Their successes, as well as the many obstacles they encountered, offer broad lessons for social movements and journalists around the globe who look to add drones to their toolkit going forward.   

In many ways, Standing Rock offered the ideal environment in which to experiment with drones. From a visual and logistical standpoint, the vast, unpopulated North Dakota plains were optimal for the sweeping aerial shots drones excel at and allowed the community to see what was happening on land where they were not allowed to step foot. Footage that showed the proximity of the pipeline’s drill pad to the Missouri River and the tribe’s water source, for example, provided compelling visual evidence for a central advocacy issue. But while many environmental groups have used drones to document land and nature issues, the most innovative use of drones at Standing Rock may have been to record clashes with the police from above.

Much as the proliferation of mobile phone cameras has shifted the debate on police abuse on the ground, at Standing Rock, the drone operators documented chaotic confrontations between law enforcement and activists from the skies. Using Facebook Live and other livestreaming technologies,  journalists such as Myron Dewey of the indigenous media platform Digital Smoke Signals instantaneously distributed footage to thousands of viewers that provided convincing counter-evidence to law enforcement’s version of the clashes. In tandem with on the ground cameras and eyewitness testimony, the drones’ wide-angle, aerial vantage point repeatedly served as a powerful evidentiary tool for reconstructing events.

The successes of and challenges faced by the Standing Rock drone pilots offers important lessons as drones increasingly become part of the documentation toolkit.

Check out our new report!

“Eyes in the Sky: Drones at Standing Rock and the Next Frontier of Human Rights Video”

Featured Image: Still from Standing Rock drone footage by Myron Dewey.

Advocates against the pipeline state that the project disregards treaty rights of the Standing Rock Sioux and poses serious environmental threats. Resistance efforts have brought together a historic number of Native American tribes, water protectors, activist and military vets, yet they’ve been met with violence, threats and heavy surveillance from authorities.

Photo: Tomas Alejo

Video and photos have played a crucial role in exposing human rights abuses against journalists and activists fighting the pipeline. Livestreams, drones and video footage brought worldwide attention and widespread condemnation of violations, such as the use of excessive force, dogs, water cannons, tear gas and rubber bullets against activists and the targeting of journalists. This footage has also helped counter false statements and misleading narratives put forth by authorities and pipeline investors.

To support these efforts, WITNESS and our partners at WeCopwatch collaborated with indigenous activists and allies at Standing Rock to create a new guide that can help strengthen the evidentiary value of this video documentation. The resource builds off our Video as Evidence Field Guide and is largely informed by the knowledge and local experiences of indigenous activists and legal experts. It also includes guidance for activists interested in organizing their own copwatch groups.

We first printed the guide in November 2016 and WeCopwatch shared it at the Oceti Sakowin camp where they spent several months conducting trainings and building strong bonds and alliances with indigenous leaders, water protectors and the National Lawyers Guild’s Water Protector Legal Collective.

With the fight against the Dakota Access Pipeline far from being over – and a threat of more dangerous pipelines being pushed through by the Trump administration – we hope this guide serves as a general starting point for anyone wanting to document the resistance.

Please use it, remix it and share it. This is a living document and we will continue updating and improving it. We welcome your input! Download the guide here.

Feature Image: WeCopwatch